Numbers to Roman numerals and back, both ways, instantly.
| I | 1 | C | 100 |
| V | 5 | D | 500 |
| X | 10 | M | 1000 |
| L | 50 | ( ) | ×1000 |
Letters add up left to right, but a smaller letter before a larger one subtracts, so IV is 4 and CM is 900. Brackets stand in for the bar notation that multiplies a numeral by 1,000 for large values.
Roman numerals use seven letters: I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1000. You build a number by adding letters from largest to smallest, so MMXXIV is 1000 + 1000 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 4 = 2024. The tool above converts numbers to Roman numerals and back, which is handy for dates, clock faces, book chapters, film sequels and monarchs' names.
The subtractive rule. To avoid four of a symbol in a row, a smaller letter placed before a larger one is subtracted: IV is 4 (not IIII), IX is 9, XL is 40, XC is 90, CD is 400 and CM is 900. Only those specific pairs are used, and you never subtract more than one symbol at a time, which is why 999 is CMXCIX, not IM.
The limits. Standard Roman numerals have no zero and no way to write very large numbers neatly, topping out in normal use around 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX). That is fine for years, ordinals and decorative numbering, which is all they are really used for today. For anything requiring arithmetic, decimal numbers are far more practical.
Roman numerals use seven letters: I is 1, V is 5, X is 10, L is 50, C is 100, D is 500 and M is 1000. Symbols are added together, except when a smaller value sits before a larger one, which means subtract, such as IV for 4 and IX for 9.
Standard Roman numerals go up to 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX). To show larger numbers a bar over a numeral multiplies it by 1,000, which this tool represents in brackets for values up to a few million.
Type the year into the number box and the Roman numeral appears instantly. For example 1990 is MCMXC and 2025 is MMXXV.